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| c. 240 BC |
| | | Spain, with its mines of gold, silver and copper, is a hotly disputed region between Carthage and Rome | |
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| 239 BC |
| | | Ptolemy III issues the Decree of Canopus, the earliest known in the Ptolemaic series of public decrees inscribed in stone in two languages and three scripts | |
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| 228 BC |
| | | Hamilcar Barca dies fighting in Spain, after establishing a strong Carthaginian presence in the peninusula | |
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| 227 BC |
| | | Sardinia and Corsica are annexed by Rome, becoming the second Roman overseas province | |
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| c. 225 BC |
| | | A treaty defines the Ebro river as the Spanish boundary between Carthage and Rome | |
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| 221 BC |
| | | After 800 years the Zhou dynasty is brought to an end by the ruler of the Qin kingdom | |
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| 221 BC |
| | | The ruthless Qin dynasty establishes control over the whole of central China | |
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| 221 BC |
| | | Hannibal succeeds to the command of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, on the death of his brother-in-law Hasdrubal | |
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| c. 220 BC |
| | | The Greek mathematician Eratosthenes calculates the circumference of the world with the help of shadows and camels | |
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| 218 BC |
| | | Hannibal crosses the Alps with his elephants, beginning the Second Punic War | |
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